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Basic Clinical Tests

Industry-Specific
Digital Skills

Health and Wellness

Duration

105h

PRESENTATION

This training in the field of clinical laboratories offers professionals a comprehensive knowledge y specialized in all areas critical to the analysis Medical and Diagnostic. The training begins by providing a solid understanding of what It is a clinical laboratory, their main areas (biochemistry, immunology, hematology, microbiology, and parasitology) and the basic procedures performed in these laboratories, including the processing and analysis of samples using techniques such as centrifugation and chromatography.

Objectives

  • Understand how a clinical laboratory operates.

  • Be proficient in the use of laboratory equipment and materials.

  • Prioritize safety in the laboratory.

  • Apply techniques for collecting and processing biological samples.

  • Understanding Blood and Hematological Test Results.

  • Identify drug-test interferences in clinical laboratory tests.

Syllabus

TEACHING UNIT 1. DESCRIPTION OF A LABORATORY.

  1. Definition of a clinical laboratory.
  2. Areas of a laboratory.
    1. – Biochemistry.
    2. – Immunology Department.
    3. – Hematology Department.
    4. – Department of Microbiology and Parasitology.
  3. Analysis of a sample.
    1. – Processing a sample.
    2. – Conducting an analysis.
  4. Procedures performed in a laboratory.
    1. – Sampling.
    2. – Filtered.
    3. – Desiccation.
    4. – Gravimetry.
    5. – Extraction.
    6. – Distillation.
    7. – Decanting.
    8. – Chromatography.
    9. – Colorimetric analysis.
    10. – Centrifugation.

TEACHING UNIT 2. BASIC MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTS, AND EQUIPMENT IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY.

  1. Laboratory supplies.
    1. – Glass material.
    2. – Other materials.
  2. Laboratory equipment.
    1. – Scale.
    2. – Microscope.
    3. – Centrifuge.
    4. – Piston pipettes or micropipettes.
    5. – Restrooms.
    6. – Hematology analyzer.
    7. – Biochemical analyzer.
    8. – Autoclave.
    9. – pH analyzers.
    10. – Chromatograph.

TEACHING UNIT 3. LABORATORY SAFETY AND RISK PREVENTION.

  1. Introduction.
  2. Laboratory Safety.
    1. – Laboratory organization.
    2. – Laboratory Risks. Prevention.
    3. – Disinfection and cleaning methods.
  3. Pictograms in the laboratory.
  4. ISO Standards. Quality Assurance.

TEACHING UNIT 4. COLLECTION, TRANSPORT, PROCESSING, AND STORAGE OF SPECIMENS.

  1. Introduction.
  2. Origin of the specimens.
  3. Identification.
  4. Blood samples.
    1. – Anticoagulants.
    2. – Materials needed for specimen collection.
    3. – Patient preparation.
    4. – Patient Assessment.
    5. – Venipuncture.
  5. Urine samples.
    1. – Containers for specimens.
    2. – Preservatives.
    3. – Types of urine specimens.
    4. – Instructions for collecting a urine sample.
    5. – Specimen collection in children.
  6. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens.
  7. Specimens of serous effusions.
    1. – Pleural fluid.
    2. – Ascetic fluid.
    3. – Synovial fluid.
  8. Amniotic fluid specimens.
  9. Semen samples.
  10. Transportation of specimens.
  11. Specimen processing.
    1. – Blood.
    2. – Urine.
    3. – Other biological fluids.

TEACHING UNIT 5. GENERAL CONCEPTS ABOUT BLOOD.

  1. Introduction.
  2. Functions of the Blood.
    1. – Transportation.
    2. – Immunity.
    3. – Hemostasis.
    4. – Homeostasis.
  3. Physical Properties of Blood.
    1. – Volume.
    2. – Density.
    3. – Viscosity.
    4. – Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
  4. Hematopoietic system.
    1. – Development of the hematopoietic system at different stages of life.
    2. – Bone marrow.

TEACHING UNIT 6. BLOOD SAMPLES. HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES.

  1. Blood Cell Counting Techniques.
    1. – Red blood cell count.
    2. – White blood cell count.
    3. – Platelet count.
  2. Blood parameters.
    1. – Hemoglobin (Hb) test.
    2. – Hematocrit (HCT) measurement.
    3. – Blood counts.
    4. – Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
    5. – Osmotic resistance of red blood cells.
    6. – Plasma and blood viscosity.
  3. Tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of hemostatic disorders.
    1. – Primary hemostasis tests.
    2. – Secondary hemostasis tests.
    3. – Fibrinolysis tests.

TEACHING UNIT 7. BLOOD SAMPLES FOR BIOCHEMISTRY.

  1. Test for measuring blood glucose.
    1. – Interpretation of values outside the normal range.
    2. – Method of analysis.
    3. – Glucose tolerance test (glucose curve).
  2. Blood albumin test.
  3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test.
    1. – Methods of determination.
    2. – Patient preparation.
  4. Blood uric acid test.
    1. – Methods of determination.
  5. Creatinine.
    1. – Methods of determination.
  6. Liver function tests.
    1. – Enzymes and other markers of liver damage.
    2. – Liver diseases.
  7. Blood alpha-fetoprotein test.
  8. Blood lipid profile.
    1. – Techniques for determining total cholesterol.
    2. – Measurement of HDL cholesterol.
    3. – Measurement of LDL cholesterol.
    4. – Measurement of triglycerides in the blood.
  9. Electrolyte analysis.
    1. – Ion determination.
    2. – Measurement of pH and gases in arterial blood.

TEACHING UNIT 8. URINE ANALYSIS.

  1. Urine samples.
  2. General Characteristics.
    1. – Color and appearance.
    2. – Smell.
    3. – PH.
    4. – Volume.
    5. – Density.
    6. – Osmolarity.
  3. Chemical analysis of urine.
    1. – PH.
    2. – Proteins.
    3. – Glucose.
    4. – Ketone bodies.
    5. – Hematuria.
    6. – Bilirubin and urobilinogen.
    7. – Nitrites.
    8. – White blood cells.
    9. – Creatinine clearance.
  4. Urinary sediment analysis.
    1. – Quantitative analysis of urinary sediment.
    2. – Microscopic analysis of urinary sediment.
  5. Urine culture.
    1. – Quantitative culture.
    2. – Qualitative cultivation.
  6. Laboratory Findings in Renal Pathology.
    1. – Acute nephritis.
    2. – Nephrotic syndrome.
    3. – Kidney stones.
    4. – Acute kidney failure.
    5. – Chronic kidney disease.
    6. – Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
    7. – Renal tubular acidosis.
    8. – Polycystic kidney disease.
    9. – Vascular disease.
    10. – Urinary tract infections (UTIs).

TEACHING UNIT 9. ANALYSIS OF OTHER TYPES OF SAMPLES.

  1. Fecal samples.
    1. – Macroscopic analysis.
    2. – Chemical analysis.
    3. – Analysis of food residues.
    4. – Bacteriology.
  2. Semen samples.
    1. – Macroscopic examination.
    2. – Microscopic examination.
    3. – Biochemical analysis.
  3. Samples from the lower respiratory tract (LRT).
    1. – Collection and transport of TRI samples.
    2. – Macroscopic analysis.
    3. – Microscopic analysis.
  4. Upper respiratory tract specimens.
    1. – Upper respiratory tract infections (pharynx and nasopharynx).
    2. – Sample collection and transport.
    3. – Direct microscopic examination.
    4. – Culturing TRS samples.
  5. Conjunctival discharge.
    1. – Most Common Eye Conditions.
    2. – Sample collection and transport.
    3. – Crops.
  6. Ear discharge.
    1. – Otitis externa.
    2. – Otitis media.
  7. Urethral and vaginal discharge.
    1. – Sample collection and transport.
    2. – Microscopic examination.

TEACHING UNIT 10. ANALYTICAL ESSAYS.

  1. Organoleptic analysis.
    1. – Color.
    2. – Turbidity.
    3. – Smell.
  2. Immunological tests.
    1. – Agglutination immunoassay.
    2. – Immunoprecipitation.
    3. – Immunofluorescence.
    4. – Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
    5. – Radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  3. Microbiological analyses
    1. – Dyes.
    2. – Culture media and metabolic assays.
  4. Automated analyses.
  5. Data Protection.

TEACHING UNIT 11. DRUG INTERFERENCES WITH THE ANALYSED PARAMETERS.

  1. Introduction.
  2. Anti-infectives and antiseptics.
    1. – Antimicrobials and antiseptics for local oral treatment.
    2. – Systemic anti-infectives.
  3. Anti-ulcer drugs.
    1. – Histamine-2 receptor antagonists.
    2. – Proton pump inhibitors.
  4. Analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
  5. Antihypertensive drugs.
    1. – Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
    2. – Angiotensin antagonists.
    3. – Calcium channel blockers.
    4. – Diuretics.
  6. Antiarrhythmic drugs.
  7. Lipid-lowering drugs.
  8. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications.
    1. – Anxiolytics.
    2. – Antidepressants.
  9. Other medications.
    1. – Systemic hormonal contraceptives.
    2. – Antihistamines.
    3. – Cough suppressants.
    4. – Vitamins and analogs.

TEACHING UNIT 12. INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY DATA I.

  1. Hematology.
    1. – Red blood cell count.
    2. – White blood cell count.
    3. – Platelet count.
    4. – Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
  2. Urinalysis.
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid.
  4. Pleural fluid.
  5. Ascitic fluid.
  6. Synovial fluid.
  7. Tumor markers.
    1. – Calcitonin.
    2. – Thyroglobulin.
    3. – Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA).
    4. – Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9).
    5. – TAG-72 glycoprotein.
    6. – Carbohydrate Antigen 50.
    7. – Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
    8. – Mucins in breast cancer.
    9. – C-erb B2 oncoprotein or HER-2-neu.
    10. – Beta subunit (C) of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
    11. – Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA 125).
    12. – SCC antigen.
    13. – Neuron-specific enolase.
    14. – Cyfra 21.1.
    15. – Prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
    16. – Prostatic acid phosphatase.
    17. – Capsular polypeptide antigen.

TEACHING UNIT 13. INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY DATA II. INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY DATA.

  1. Kidney function.
    1. – Urea.
    2. – Creatinine.
    3. – Uric acid.
  2. Liver function.
    1. – Aminotransferases.
    2. – Alkaline phosphatase 400.
    3. – Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT = GGT).
    4. – 5’-Nucleotidase.
    5. – Bilirubin.
    6. – Albumin.
    7. – Alpha-1-antitrypsin.
    8. – Haptoglobin.
    9. – Ceruloplasmin.
    10. – Alpha-fetoprotein.
    11. – C-reactive protein.
  3. Pancreatic function.
    1. – Amylase in plasma and urine.
    2. – Lipase.
  4. Other enzymes and substances of diagnostic interest.
    1. – Acid phosphatase.
    2. – Delta-aminolevulinic acid.
    3. – Lactic acid.
    4. – Vanillylmandelic acid.
    5. – 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid.
    6. – Folic acid.
    7. – Ammonia.
  5. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
    1. – Time-dependent release of cardiac enzymes following an AMI.
    2. – Electrocardiogram for acute myocardial infarction.
    3. – Other related tests.
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