Techniques and Procedures for Hot and Cold Forming of Handcrafted Forged Pieces

TEACHING UNIT 1. TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR SETTING UP AND PREPARING THE FORGE IN ARTISANAL FORGING WORK. Structure and operation of a traditional forge: – Systems: manual and electric. – Components: the firebox, the bell, and the chimney. – Equipment: bellows or fan, firepower regulator, and ventilation. Structure and operation of a gas forge: installations, systems, and components. Fuels used in the forge: – Types: coal and gases (oxygen, acetylene, propane, butane). – Effectiveness. – Procurement and storage: requirements for coal versus those for gases. Forge ignition systems. Procedures for regulating temperature through air supply. Temperature control by color. – Forge fire. – Color and temperature. – Factors influencing the rate of heating. Cleaning and maintenance of the forge. Quality, occupational, and environmental risks associated with techniques and procedures for conditioning and preparing the forge. TEACHING UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR SETTING UP AND PREPARING CUTTING TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS IN ARTISANAL FORGING WORK. Tools used in forging: types and characteristics. – Anvil, tongs, and auxiliary tools. – Hammers and blacksmith’s vices. – Other blacksmith’s tools: claws or grippers, forks, punches, bending templates. – Auxiliary tools: rulers and tape measures, set squares, and compasses. Tools, machines, and systems used in the sharpening, hardening, and honing of cutting tools. – Anvil, hammer, and tongs for sharpening. – Materials for hardening: water, mineral oil, lead, and files. – Preliminary sharpening with a file and final sharpening with an electric grinder. Sharpening techniques: applications in the preparation of cutting tools and implements. – Sharpening techniques for the manufacture of cutting tools. – Manufacture of chisels and burins. – Punches. – Chisels. – Axes, pruning shears, knives, and swords. Hardening process: applications in the preparation of cutting tools and implements. – Hardening process for various materials. – Increasing the strength, hardness, and brittleness of workpieces. Sharpening process: applications in the preparation of cutting tools and implements. – Sharpening chisels: straight and curved. – Sharpening burins. – Sharpening punches. – Sharpening chisels: annealing, filing, and tempering. – Sharpening axes, pruning shears, knives, and swords. Quality, occupational, and environmental risks associated with techniques and procedures for conditioning and preparing cutting tools and implements. TRAINING UNIT 2. HOT FORMING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR ARTISANAL FORGED PIECES TEACHING UNIT 1. BEHAVIOR OF IRON IN FORGING PROCESSES. Malleability and hardness of iron. – Malleability: the ability to be rolled. – Hardness: mineralogical scale (Mohs scale) and metallurgical scale. Toughness: – Deformation. – Flexibility. – Fracture of iron. Behavior of iron when heated: – Thermal conductivity. – Color change. – Degree of malleability. Color references for controlling working temperature in the forge. – Non-malleable: black–blue. – Malleable: red–orange–yellow. – Casting: white. TEACHING UNIT 2. APPLICATION OF HOT FORMING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR ARTISANAL FORGED PARTS THROUGH DIMENSIONAL CONTROL. Tools used in the forge: types and specific characteristics for dimensional control. – Anvil, tongs, and auxiliary tools. – Hammers and blacksmith’s screws. – Other blacksmith’s tools: claws or grippers, forks, punches, bending templates. – Auxiliary tools: rulers and tape measures, set squares, and calipers. Sharpening techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Sharpening techniques. – Conical and pyramid-shaped sharpening. – Point sharpening and edge sharpening of rods, bars, and flat bars. Drawing techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal blacksmithing. – Drawing techniques on the anvil and with other tools. – Types of drawing at the ends and in the center of the bar. Flaring techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Flaring, rolling, flattening, or deburring techniques. – Rolling at the ends of bars. – Rolling for shaping sheets and volutes. Thinning techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. Templates and dimensional control references. Quality, occupational, and environmental risks associated with hot forming techniques and procedures for artisanal forged works through dimensional control. TEACHING UNIT 3. APPLICATION OF HOT FORMING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR ARTISANAL FORGED PIECES THROUGH SHAPE CONTROL. Tools and equipment used in the forge: types and specific characteristics for shape control. Forging techniques: applications in shaping pieces for handcrafted forged works. – Heating the iron. – Hammering. – Reshaping methods: on the anvil or in the vise. – Types of reshaping at the ends and in the center. – Making forged nails. Splitting technique: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Bars. – Flat bars. Cutting and notching technique: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. Splitting techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal blacksmithing. – Using an anvil chisel. – Using a hand chisel. – Splitting a simple eyelet. – Splitting a compound eyelet. – Drilling and punching. Hot-bending techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Heating the iron. – Hammering. – Reshaping methods: on the anvil or in the vise. – Coils and volutes. – Stretched volutes. – Knots and tangles. Hot bending techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Heating the iron. – Hammering. – Reshaping methods: on the anvil or with a special tool. – Elbows and corner folds. – Clamps. – Braiding. Hot twisting techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forged works. – Twisting of profiles. – Single-eyelet twisting. – Six-part pinecone twisting. – Double-eyelet twisting. Fluting and notching techniques: applications in the shaping of pieces for artisanal forging. Stamping techniques: applications in the shaping of pieces for artisanal forged works. Templates and dimensional control references. Quality, occupational, and environmental risks associated with hot forming techniques and procedures for artisanal forged works through dimensional control. TRAINING UNIT 3. COLD-FORMING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR HANDCRAFTED FORGED PIECES TEACHING UNIT 1. DRILLING AND EMBOSSING OF HANDCRAFTED FORGED PIECES. Tools and equipment used. Drilling techniques: applications in the shaping of handcrafted forged pieces. – Punching sheet metal. – Punching pieces for joining with rivets. Embossing techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forging. – Embossing on lead blocks. – Embossing on a block of metal. – Embossing on a stake. – Chiseling. Templates and control references. Quality, occupational hazards, and associated environmental risks. TEACHING UNIT 2. COLD BENDING, PERFORATING, AND TWISTING IN HANDCRAFTED FORGING. Tools and equipment used. Cold bending techniques: applications in shaping pieces for handcrafted forged works. – Bending with clamps. – Bending on anvil tools. – Manufacturing mandrels for bending rods or flat bars. – Roller bender. – Hydraulic bender. Cold-bending techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forging. Cold-twisting techniques: applications in shaping pieces for artisanal forging. Templates and control references. Quality, occupational hazards, and associated environmental risks.