Cogeneration

TEACHING UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Configurations 1.3. Opportunities and Risks PARAMETERS AND INDICES 2.1. Energy Efficiency 2.2. Emissions 3. DESIGN CRITERIA 3.1. Adaptation to Electricity Demand 3.2. Adaptation to Heating Demand 3.3. Recommendations 4. SITUATION IN SPAIN 4.1. Historical Evolution 4.2. Current Status and Potential 4.3. Regulatory Framework 5. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS 6. CASE STUDY 7. REFERENCES TEACHING UNIT 2. RECIPROCATING ENGINES SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION. CLASSIFICATION 2. OPERATING PRINCIPLE 3. ENERGY BALANCE. EFFICIENCY. 4. MCIA: PERFORMANCE. TECHNICAL DATA. 5. FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM. 6. SPECIAL-MODE GENERATION FACILITIES (GROUP B) USING RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 7. MICRO-COGENERATION ENGINES 8. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COGENERATION PLANTS WITH MICRO-COGENERATION ENGINES 9. ENVIRONMENT 10. FEASIBILITY OF COGENERATION PLANTS USING ALTERNATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 11. CASE STUDIES 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEACHING UNIT 3. TURBINES Summary 1. TURBINES USED IN COGENERATION 1.1. General Concepts 1.2. Evolution of Cogeneration Using Turbines 1.3. Applications of Cogeneration with Turbines 1.4. Specific Characteristics of Turbine Cycles Used in Cogeneration 2. STEAM TURBINES 2.1. Types of Turbines 2.2. Components and Auxiliary Systems of Steam Turbines 2.3. Selection of Steam Turbines for Cogeneration 2.4. Maintenance of Steam Turbines 3. GAS TURBINES 3.1. Types of Turbines 3.2. Selection of Gas Turbines for Cogeneration 3.3. Sensitivity of Gas Turbine Performance 3.4. Components and Auxiliary Systems 3.5. Fuels and Emissions 3.6. Maintenance of Gas Turbines 4. DISTRICT HEATING 4.1. Heating Plant 4.2. Distribution Network 4.3. Substations 4.4. Advantages of Centralized Heating Systems APPENDIX I: STATE OF THE ART IN COGENERATION TURBINES (ADDITIONAL MATERIAL) STATE OF THE ART IN STEAM TURBINES/AMA-ConHTML-AMA/ STATE OF THE ART IN GAS TURBINES Trends in New Gas Turbine Developments BIBLIOGRAPHY TEACHING UNIT 4. LITHIUM BROMIDE WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION MACHINES SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Significance of Absorption Refrigeration 1.2 Brief History of Absorption Systems 1.3 Fundamentals of Thermal Refrigeration 2. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 2.1. Operating Principle 2.2. The Basic Absorption Cycle 2.3. Refrigerant/Absorbent Mixtures 2.4. PTX Diagrams of Refrigerant/Absorbent Mixtures 2.5. Representation of the Absorption Cycle on the PTX Diagram 3. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGIES 3.1. Working Fluids 3.2. Classification of Equipment 4. WATER/LIBR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY 4.1. Single-Effect Cycle 4.2. Double-Effect Cycle 4.3 Single-Effect Chillers 4.2 Double-Effect Chillers 5. PROPERTIES OF WATER/LIBR 5.1 Saturation Temperatures of Solutions 5.2 Enthalpies of Solutions 5.3 Densities of Solutions 6. PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING LIMITS 6.1. Operating Temperature, Heat Dissipation Temperature, and Chilled Water Temperature 6.2. Operational Limits 7. APPLICATIONS 7.1. Integration into Cogeneration Systems: Trigeneration 7.2. Other Applications: Solar Refrigeration . 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEACHING UNIT 5. AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION MACHINES SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Considerations 1.2 Characteristics of Ammonia/Water Mixtures 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AMMONIA/WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION 2.1 Basic Cycle 2.2 Basic Cycle with Subcooler 2.3 Integration of the Rectifier 3. ADVANCED CYCLES 3.1 Two-Stage Cycles 3.2 GAX Cycle 4. AMMONIA/WATER REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY 5. PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA/WATER 6. APPLICATIONS 6.1 Description of an application in the agri-food industry. 7. REFERENCES TEACHING UNIT 6. COLA CYCLES SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Context 1.2 Economic Aspects 2. CONVENTIONAL RANKINE CYCLE 3. KALINA CYCLE 4. ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC) 4.1. Working Fluids 4.2. ORC Cycle Technology 4.3. Selection of ORC Cycles 5. CASE STUDIES 5.1. Cement Industry 5.2. Waste Heat from a Cogeneration Engine 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEACHING UNIT 7. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR 2.1. Final energy demand in Spain 2.2. Demand for heating and cooling 2.3. Demand for DHW 3. THERMAL STORAGE 3.1. Rationale 3.2. Operation 3.3. Technologies 3.4. Integration 4. DESIGN CRITERIA 4.1. Tertiary Sector 4.2. Residential Sector 5. DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING NETWORKS 6. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 7. ENERGY SERVICE COMPANIES 8. CASE STUDIES 8.1. Tertiary Sector 8.2. Residential Sector 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 10. APPENDIX. DISTRICT HEATING WATER TEMPERATURE IN SPAIN