{"id":34798,"date":"2026-10-21T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/?p=34798"},"modified":"2026-10-09T11:29:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T09:29:53","slug":"industrialized-modular-construction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/","title":{"rendered":"Modular and Industrialized Construction: What It Is, How It Differs from Prefabricated Construction, and What Kinds of Professionals It Requires"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/news-current-events\/passivhaus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/blog\/noticias-actualidad\/passivhaus\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">prefabricated housing<\/a> In Spain, it has grown at annual rates ranging from 12% to 20% over the past three years. The PERTE Housing Program projects that more than 30% of new construction jobs by 2035 will be linked to prefabrication or the digitization of processes. And construction companies that continue to operate using exclusively traditional methods are beginning to lose competitiveness in terms of timelines, costs, and sustainability compared to those that have already made the leap. <strong>Industrialization is not the future of the sector\u2014it has been its most efficient present for years.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#%C2%BFQue_diferencia_a_la_construccion_modular_la_prefabricada_y_la_industrializada\" >What is the difference between modular, prefabricated, and industrialized construction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#Ventajas_de_la_construccion_industrializada_frente_al_modelo_tradicional\" >Advantages of Industrialized Construction Over the Traditional Model<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#%C2%BFQue_retos_tecnicos_plantea_Calidad_transporte_montaje_y_normativa\" >What technical challenges does this pose? Quality, transportation, assembly, and regulations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#%C2%BFQue_perfiles_y_competencias_demanda_este_modelo_constructivo\" >What profiles and skills does this construction model require?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#Casos_de_uso_en_Espana_%C2%BFDonde_se_esta_aplicando_ya\" >Use Cases in Spain: Where Is It Already Being Used?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/construccion-modular-industrializada\/#Como_formar_a_tu_equipo_tecnico_para_dar_el_salto_a_la_construccion_industrializada\" >How to Train Your Technical Team to Make the Transition to Industrialized Construction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue_diferencia_a_la_construccion_modular_la_prefabricada_y_la_industrializada\"><\/span>What is the difference between modular, prefabricated, and industrialized construction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These three terms are often used interchangeably, but they describe distinct realities with significant technical implications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>prefabricated construction<\/strong> It manufactures structural elements (columns, beams, floor slabs, panels) in an industrial setting and transports them to the construction site for assembly. The building is constructed by assembling these components on site on a conventional foundation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>modular construction<\/strong> It goes one step further: it manufactures complete three-dimensional modules (rooms or entire functional units) in the factory, including utilities and finishes, and transports them to the construction site for assembly. The result is a process in which most of the work is carried out in a controlled environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>industrialized construction<\/strong> It is the broadest concept: it encompasses any construction process that incorporates industrial manufacturing techniques, ranging from 2D systems (panels, facades) to complete modules and hybrid components. It includes digitization, automation, and comprehensive project management as part of the construction process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.comp-wrap{font-family:Arial,sans-serif;background:#141414;border-radius:12px;padding:2rem;margin:2rem 0;max-width:100%}\n.comp-title{color:#ffd00f;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 .3rem}\n.comp-sub{color:#a0a0a0;font-size:.8rem;margin:0 0 1.5rem;line-height:1.5}\n.comp-tabla-wrap{overflow-x:auto}\n.comp-tabla{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.82rem;min-width:580px}\n.comp-tabla thead tr{background:#1e1e1e}\n.comp-tabla thead th{padding:10px 14px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.03em;border-bottom:2px solid #333}\n.comp-tabla thead th:first-child{color:#a0a0a0}\n.comp-tabla thead th:nth-child(2){color:#a0a0a0}\n.comp-tabla thead th:nth-child(3){color:#ffd00f}\n.comp-tabla thead th:nth-child(4){color:#caa412}\n.comp-tabla tbody tr{border-bottom:1px solid #2a2a2a}\n.comp-tabla tbody tr:hover{background:#1a1a1a}\n.comp-tabla tbody td{padding:10px 14px;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.5}\n.comp-tabla tbody td:first-child{color:#caa412;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap;font-size:.78rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.03em}\n.comp-tabla tbody td:nth-child(2){color:#999}\n.comp-tabla tbody td:nth-child(3){color:#e0e0e0}\n.comp-tabla tbody td:nth-child(4){color:#ffd00f}\n.comp-tag{display:inline-block;font-size:.65rem;font-weight:700;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:8px;white-space:nowrap}\n.tag-malo{background:#3a1a1a;color:#eb5757}\n.tag-medio{background:#2a2000;color:#ffd00f}\n.tag-bueno{background:#1a2a1a;color:#6fcf97}\n.comp-nota{font-size:.7rem;color:#665406;margin-top:1.25rem;line-height:1.5;padding-top:.75rem;border-top:1px solid #2a2a2a}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"comp-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"comp-title\">\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Comparison: Traditional vs. Modular vs. Industrialized Construction<\/div>\n  <div class=\"comp-sub\">Comparison of the Three Construction Models Based on the Key Decision-Making Criteria for Developers and Technical Teams<\/div>\n  <div class=\"comp-tabla-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"comp-tabla\">\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>Criterion<\/th>\n          <th>Traditional (on-site)<\/th>\n          <th>Modular (3D prefabricated)<\/th>\n          <th>Prefabricated (off-site)<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Completion Deadline<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-malo\">Long<\/span><br>High variability. Dependent on weather conditions, labor availability, and subcontractors.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Very short<\/span><br>30\u201350% is faster. Construction proceeds in parallel with foundation work. Less exposure to unforeseen events.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Short to medium<\/span><br>35\u201350% is faster than the traditional method, depending on the system. BIM coordination is essential.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Estimated cost<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-medio\">Variable<\/span><br>Open-ended budget with a risk of cost overruns. Frequent unforeseen issues on the job site.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Fixed price<\/span><br>Typically turnkey contracts. Greater predictability. Higher cost per square meter in some cases.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Checked<\/span><br>Greater budgetary stability than is typically the case. Reduction of waste and optimization of materials.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Construction Quality<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-medio\">Variable<\/span><br>Depends on the construction crew. Difficult to standardize. Higher risk of defects when wet.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Tall and slender<\/span><br>Manufacturing in a controlled environment with testing and traceability. Fewer defects in the process.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Registered and traceable<\/span><br>Quality control at the factory is more rigorous than on-site. Documented and repeatable processes.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Sustainability<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-malo\">Lower efficiency<\/span><br>Increased waste generation. Less control over materials. More difficult to optimize energy use.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Sign Up<\/span><br>40\u201370% reduction in energy demand (optimized enclosures). Minimal waste at the factory.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Sign Up<\/span><br>Waste reduction, material optimization, and improved integration of energy-efficient systems.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Appropriate type of project<\/td>\n          <td>Unique projects, complex renovations, projects requiring a high degree of customization, or those with access limitations.<\/td>\n          <td>Residences, hotels, multi-unit housing, rapid-construction projects, turnkey projects.<\/td>\n          <td>Single-family homes, multi-family buildings, public facilities (health centers, schools, sports complexes).<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Applicable Regulations<\/td>\n          <td>LOE, CTE, RD 1627\/1997. A well-established and well-known regulatory framework.<\/td>\n          <td>Same regulations as for traditional construction. Requires a technical plan and a building permit. Special transportation logistics.<\/td>\n          <td>The same regulations as the traditional approach. BIM and digital coordination are critical for efficient regulatory compliance.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Key Technical Profiles<\/td>\n          <td>Architect, quantity surveyor, construction manager, site supervisor, skilled workers in various trades.<\/td>\n          <td>BIM Technician, Production Engineer, Assembly Logistics Specialist, Industrial Quality Technician, Architect\/Engineer.<\/td>\n          <td>BIM Technician, Off-Site Coordinator, MEP Engineer, Quality Technician, Digital Project Manager.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td>Adulthood in Spain<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-bueno\">Consolidated<\/span><br>Leading model. Extensive network of professionals and specialized subcontractors.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-medio\">Growing<\/span><br>12\u201320% annual growth. Growing number of companies. Demand driven by the housing crisis.<\/td>\n          <td><span class=\"comp-tag tag-medio\">Expanding<\/span><br>Accelerated adoption through European funds and the PERTE for Housing. 30% for sector-specific employment linked to 2035.<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"comp-nota\">Source data: PERTE de Vivienda, FindNido (2026), MUSAAT Foundation, ALTERTECNIA. The timeframes and costs are approximate estimates; actual results depend on the specific project, the construction company, and local market conditions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ventajas_de_la_construccion_industrializada_frente_al_modelo_tradicional\"><\/span>Advantages of Industrialized Construction Over the Traditional Model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Shorter turnaround times are the most obvious benefit: <\/strong>Prefabricated construction is between 35% and 50% faster than on-site construction, because factory fabrication takes place in parallel with foundation work. Fabrication in a controlled environment reduces defects, improves the quality of the finish, and ensures safer working conditions for workers. Cost control is also significant: contracts are typically fixed-price under turnkey models, reducing the budgetary variability common in traditional construction. In terms of sustainability, factory fabrication reduces waste generation and allows for greater precision in material control, with reductions in heating and cooling demand ranging from 40% to 70% compared to traditional buildings without passive measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue_retos_tecnicos_plantea_Calidad_transporte_montaje_y_normativa\"><\/span>What technical challenges does this pose? Quality, transportation, assembly, and regulations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transporting large modules requires specific logistical planning, including route analysis, special transport permits, and coordination with the construction site regarding unloading and assembly times. The applicable regulations are the same as those for traditional construction: the Building Regulations Act, the Technical Building Code, habitability requirements, and <a href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/royal-decree-no-1627-of-1997\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/blog\/stem\/real-decreto-1627-1997\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">security requirements<\/a> structural. Coordinating the construction work with the factory\u2019s production schedules requires detailed BIM planning from the earliest stages of the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue_perfiles_y_competencias_demanda_este_modelo_constructivo\"><\/span>What profiles and skills does this construction model require?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Industrialization requires skill sets that do not exist in traditional construction or that need to be significantly updated. The most in-demand are: the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/blog\/stem\/bim-mep\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/blog\/stem\/bim-mep\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BIM design technician<\/a><\/strong> capable of modeling projects for industrialized manufacturing with tight tolerances and coordinating installations based on the model; the <strong>industrial production engineer<\/strong> with knowledge of the manufacturing process for building components; the <strong>logistics and assembly technician<\/strong> specializing in special transportation planning and on-site assembly sequences; and the<strong> quality manager<\/strong> capable of applying control protocols in a factory setting, as opposed to those used in conventional on-site inspections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Casos_de_uso_en_Espana_%C2%BFDonde_se_esta_aplicando_ya\"><\/span>Use Cases in Spain: Where Is It Already Being Used?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The industrialized model is being adopted in college dormitories and shared housing, where modular standardization and speed of construction are particularly valuable. It is also being used in hotel construction, where the interruption of business during renovations represents a real cost. In affordable housing and self-build cooperatives, where developers seek control over timelines and costs. And in modular infrastructure such as health centers, sports arenas, or military facilities, where prefabrication is already well established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Como_formar_a_tu_equipo_tecnico_para_dar_el_salto_a_la_construccion_industrializada\"><\/span>How to Train Your Technical Team to Make the Transition to Industrialized Construction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>limited technical training<\/strong> In industrialized construction methods, this is one of the main obstacles identified to the adoption of this model in Spain. Technical teams that are already familiar with the process, use BIM with a focus on manufacturing, and understand the logistics of assembly have a real competitive advantage in a market that is growing at a double-digit annual rate.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El sector de la vivienda industrializada en Espa\u00f1a ha crecido a tasas de entre el 12% y el 20% anual en las \u00faltimas tres campa\u00f1as. El PERTE de Vivienda anticipa que m\u00e1s del 30% de los nuevos empleos en construcci\u00f3n para 2035 estar\u00e1n vinculados a la prefabricaci\u00f3n o la digitalizaci\u00f3n de procesos. Y las empresas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":34799,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-stem"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34798"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34798\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34800,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34798\/revisions\/34800"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educapharos.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}